🌍 Waaqa Tokkicha and Tawḥīd: Understanding the Oromo Concept of God in Comparison with Islam Across Africa, long before the arrival of organized world religions, many communities already believed in a Supreme Creator who governed life, nature, and morality. Among the Oromo, this divine being is known as Waaqa Tokkicha — the One God who created and sustains everything. With the coming of Islam and Christianity, this indigenous understanding encountered new theological systems, raising important questions of continuity and contrast. Today, one of those questions re-emerges during Irreecha , the Oromo thanksgiving festival: can a Muslim participate in Irreecha without violating the principle of Tawḥīd — the Oneness of Allah? To explore that, we must first understand the essence of Waaqa, the Oromo concept of divine unity, and compare it with the Islamic and broader monotheistic traditions. 1. Oromo Indigenous Belief: The Concept of Waaqa Before the spread of Islam and Chris...